Аристотель «Поэтика»: Превосходство трагедии над эпосом (1461b26)
Перевод М. Гаспарова
[b26]
[а5] Но, прежде всего, <1> это упрек не поэтическому искусству, а исполнительскому, а делать лишние движения может и рапсод (как делал Сосистрат), может и певец (как Мнасифей Опунтский). [а8] <2> Далее, и движение можно отвергать не всякое не пляску же, например, а только <то, которое свойственно> дурным людям: так, и Каллиппида упрекали и других теперь упрекают за то, что они не умеют подражать <движениям> порядочных женщин. [a11] <3> А потом, трагедия и без движений делает свое дело не хуже, чем эпопея, ведь и при чтении бывает видно, какова она. [а13] Стало быть, если <трагедия> лучше во всем остальном, то этот <упрек> может ее миновать.
[а14] <А во всем остальном трагедия лучше>, <1> потому что в ней есть все то же, что в эпопее, даже <эпическим> метром пользоваться в ее власти, но сверх того немалую часть ее <составляют> зрелище и музыка, благодаря которой удовольствие особенно наглядно. [а17] <2> Далее, наглядностью она обладает как при чтении, так и в действии. [а18] <3> Потом, цели подражания она достигает при наименьшем объеме, а <все> сосредоточенное бывает приятнее, чем растянутое на долгое время: что, если бы
[b12] Итак, если <трагедия> отличается всем вышесказанным и сверх того действием <своего> искусства, ибо они <трагедия и эпос> должны доставлять не какое придется наслаждение, но только описанное нами, то ясно, что <трагедия> лучше эпопеи, так как более достигает своей цели.
Перевод В. Аппельрота
Но,
Затем, трагедия имеет все, что есть у эпопеи: она может пользоваться [ее] метром, и сверх того не малую долю ее составляет музыка и театральная обстановка, благодаря чему наслаждение чувствуется особенно живо. Далее, она обладает жизненностью и при чтении и в развитии действия, а также благодаря тому, что цель подражания достигается в ней при ее небольшом сравнительно объеме, ибо все сгруппированное воедино производит более приятное впечатление, чем растянутое на долгое время; представляю себе, например, если бы
Итак, если трагедия отличается всем только что сказанным и сверх того действием своего искусства, ведь должно, чтобы и трагедия и поэма доставляли не какое
придется удовольствие, но [только] вышесказанное, то ясно, что трагедия стоит выше, достигая своей цели лучше эпопеи.
Перевод Н. Новосадского
Но,
Итак, если трагедия отличается от эпоса всеми этими преимуществами и еще действием своего искусства, ведь она должна вызывать не случайное удовольствие, а указанное нами, то ясно, что трагедия выше эпопеи, так как более достигает своей цели.
Translated by W.H. Fyfe
First of all, this is not a criticism of poetry but of acting: even in reciting a minstrel can overdo his gestures, as Sosistratus did, or in a singing competition, like Mnasitheus of Opus. Besides it is not all attitudinizing that ought to be barred any more than all dancing, but only the attitudes of inferior people. That was the objection to Callippides; and modern actors are similarly criticized for representing women who are not ladies. Moreover, tragedy fulfils its function even without acting, just as much as epic, and its quality can be gauged by reading aloud. So, if it is in other respects superior, this disadvantage is not necessarily inherent. Secondly, tragedy has all the elements of the epic it can even use the hexameter and in addition a considerable element of its own in the spectacle and the music, which make the pleasure all the more vivid; and this vividness can be felt whether it is read or acted. [1462b][1] Another point is that it attains its end with greater economy of length. What is concentrated is always more effective than what is spread over a long period; suppose, for example, SophoclesOedipuswere to be turned into as many lines as there are in theIliad. Again, the art of the epic has less unity, as is shown by the fact that any one epic makes several tragedies. The result is that, if the epic poet takes a single plot, either it is set forth so briefly as to seem curtailed, or if it conforms to the limit of length1 it seems thin and diluted.
In saying that epic has less unity I mean an epic made up of several separate actions. The Iliad has many such parts and so has the Odyssey, and each by itself has a certain magnitude. And yet the composition of these poems is as perfect as can be and each of them is as far as an epic may be a representation of a single action. If then tragedy is superior in these respects and also in fulfilling its artistic
Translated by S.H. Butcher
Now, in the first place, this censure attaches not to the poetic but to the histrionic art; for gesticulation may be equally overdone in epic recitation, as by Sosistratus, or in lyrical competition, as by Mnasitheus the Opuntian. Next, all action is not to be condemned any more than all dancing but only that of bad performers. Such was the fault found in Callippides, as also in others of our own day, who are censured for representing degraded women. Again, Tragedy like Epic poetry produces its effect even without action; it reveals its power by mere reading. If, then, in all other respects it is superior, this fault, we say, is not inherent in it.
And superior it is, because it has an the epic elements it may even use the epic meter with the music and spectacular effects as important accessories; and these produce the most vivid of pleasures. Further, it has vividness of impression in reading as well as in representation. Moreover, the art attains its end within narrower limits for the concentrated effect is more pleasurable than one which is spread over a long time and so diluted. What, for example, would be the effect of the Oedipus of Sophocles, if it were cast into a form as long as the Iliad? Once more, the Epic imitation has less unity; as is shown by this, that any Epic poem will furnish subjects for several tragedies. Thus if the story adopted by the poet has a strict unity, it must either be concisely told and appear truncated; or, if it conforms to the Epic canon of length, it must seem weak and watery. [Such length implies some loss of unity,] if, I mean, the poem is constructed out of several actions, like the Iliad and the Odyssey, which have many such parts, each with a certain magnitude of its own. Yet these poems are as perfect as possible in structure; each is, in the highest degree attainable, an imitation of a single action.
If, then, tragedy is superior to epic poetry in all these respects, and, moreover, fulfills its specific function better as an art for each art ought to produce, not any chance pleasure, but the pleasure proper to it, as already stated it plainly follows that tragedy is the higher art, as attaining its end more perfectly.
Translated by I. Bywater
The answer to this is twofold. In the first place, one may urge (1) that the censure does not touch the art of the dramatic poet, but only that of his interpreter; for it is quite possible to overdo the gesturing even in an epic recital, as did Sosistratus, and in a singing contest, as did Mnasitheus of Opus. (2) That one should not condemn all movement, unless one means to condemn even the dance, but only that of ignoble people which is the point of the criticism passed on Callippides and in the present day on others, that their women are not like gentlewomen. (3) That Tragedy may produce its effect even without movement or action in just the same way as Epic poetry; for from the mere reading of a play its quality may be seen. So that, if it be superior in all other respects, thi.e.ement of inferiority is not a necessary part of it.
In the second place, one must remember (1) that Tragedy has everything that the Epic has (even the epic metre being admissible), together with a not inconsiderable addition in the shape of the Music (a very real factor in the pleasure of the drama) and the Spectacle. (2) That its reality of presentation is felt in the play as read, as well as in the play as acted. (3) That the tragic imitation requires less space for the attainment of its end; which is a great advantage, since the more concentrated effect is more pleasurable than one with a large admixture of time to dilute it consider the Oedipus of Sophocles, for instance, and the effect of expanding it into the number of lines of the Iliad. (4) That there is less unity in the imitation of the epic poets, as is proved by the fact that any one work of theirs supplies matter for several tragedies; the result being that, if they take what is really a single story, it seems curt when briefly told, and thin and waterish when on the scale of length usual with their verse. In saying that there is less unity in an epic, I mean an epic made up of a plurality of actions, in the same way as the Iliad and Odyssey have many such parts, each one of them in itself of some magnitude; yet the structure of the two Homeric poems is as perfect as can be, and the action in them is as nearly as possible one action. If, then, Tragedy is superior in these respects, and also besides these, in its poeti.e.fect (since the two forms of poetry should give us, not any or every pleasure, but the very special kind we have mentioned), it is clear that, as attaining the poeti.e.fect better than the Epic, it will be the higher form of art.
Traduction Ch. Emile Ruelle
II. En effet, si cest la moins vulgaire qui a lavantage, et que soit toujours dans ce cas celle qui sadresse à des spectateurs dune valeur supérieure, il est bien évident que celle qui sexerce sur toutes choses indifféremment est une imitation vulgaire; car facteur, voyant que les spectateurs restent insensibles si
III. La tragédie est donc dans les conditions où les anciens (acteurs) disaient être ceux qui les ont suivis. Ainsi Mynniscos, voyant Callipide jouer avec exagération, lappelait singe, et telle était aussi la réputation de Pindaros. Or, ce que ces acteurs étaient aux yeux de leurs critiques, lart tout entier (de la tragédie) lest pour lépopée.
IV. On prétend que
V. Dabord laccusation natteint pas la poétique, mais plutôt lhypocritique, puisque cest dans les gestes que lon peut mettre de lexagération en déclamant, ce que faisait Sosistrate, et en chantant, ce qui caractérisait le chant de Mnasithée dOpunte.
VI. Ensuite, il ne faut pas désapprouver toute sorte de mouvement, puisque ce nest pas la danse, mais la danse mal exécutée (qui prête à la critique), comme celle quon reprochait à Callipide, et quon reproche aujourdhui à dautres de ce quils imitent des femmes de bas étage.
VII. De plus, la tragédie, même sans mouvement, remplit sa fonction propre de même que lépopée; car, rien quà la lecture, on peut bien voir quelle en est la qualité. Par conséquent, si elle lemporte sur les autres points, il nest certes pas nécessaire quelle possède cet accessoire.
VIII. Ajoutons quelle a toutes les ressources qui appartiennent à lépopée (puisquelle dispose du mètre), et en outre, ce qui nest pas de mince importance, la musique et le spectacle, au moyen duquel les jouissances sont aussi vives que possible. Elle trouve encore une puissante ressource dans la reconnaissance et dans les actions (quelle, déroule).
IX. (Elle est supérieure) aussi en ce que le but de limitation y est atteint dans une étendue moins considérable ( que pour lépopée); car ce qui est plus resserré donne plus de plaisir que ce que lon répand sur une longue période de temps. Jentends par là si, par exemple, on composait lOedipe de Sophocle en autant de vers quil y en a dans l’Iliade.
X. De plus, limitation des poètes épiques est moins une, et la preuve, cest que de nimporte quelle imitation épique on tire plusieurs tragédies; cest au point que, si lon ne traite quune seule fable (dans lépopée), ou bien elle est exposée brièvement, et alors loeuvre parait écourtée, ou bien on saccommode à la longueur que comporte ce mètre, et elle parait délayée. Je citerai comme exemple … Maintenant, si (lépopée) se compose de plusieurs fables, comme lIliade, elle renferme un grand nombre de parties, ainsi que lOdyssée, qui ont chacune leur étendue propre; et cependant la constitution de ces poèmes est aussi parfaite que possible, et ils sont limitation dune action unique.
XI. Si, par conséquent (la tragédie) lemporte par tous ces avantages et, en outre, par la fonction propre de cet art (car les tragédies ne procurent pas un plaisir quelconque, mais bien celui que nous avons dit), il est évident quelle, pourrait bien, atteignant mieux coin but. être meilleure que lépopée.