Аристотель «Поэтика»: Различные способы подражания (1448а19)
Перевод М. Гаспарова
[а19] Есть еще третье различие в этой <области>: как<им способом> совершается каждое из этих подражаний. [а20] Ибо можно подражать одному и тому же одними и теми же средствами, но так, что или <а) автор> то ведет повествование <со стороны>, то становится в нем
[а24]
[b2] Итак, о различиях в подражании, сколько их и какие они, сказано достаточно.
Перевод В. Аппельрота
Перевод Н. Новосадского
Есть еще третье различие в этой области способ воспроизведения каждого явления. Ведь можно воспроизводить одними и теми же средствами одно и то же, иногда рассказывая о событиях, становясь при этом
Вот этими тремя чертами средствами подражания, предметом его и способом подражания различаются виды творчества, как мы сказали вначале. Поэтому Софокла, как поэта, можно в одном отношении сближать с Гомером, так как они оба изображают хороших людей, а в другом отношении с Аристофаном, потому что они оба изображают совершающих
А на трагедию (изъявляют притязание) некоторые из (дорийцев) пелопоннесских.. О различиях в творчестве, о том, сколько их и каковы они, сказанного достаточно.
Translated by W.H. Fyfe
These, as we said above, are the three differences which form the several species of the art of representation, the means, the objects, and the manner.
It follows that in one respect Sophocles would be the same kind of artist as Homer, for both represent good men, and in another respect he would resemble Aristophanes, for they both represent men in action and doing things. And that according to some is the reason why they are called «dramas», because they present people as doing things. And for this reason the Dorians claim as their own both tragedy and comedy comedy is claimed both by the Megarians here in Greece, who say that it originated in the days of their democracy, and by the Megarians in Sicily, for it was from there the poet Epicharmus came, who was much earlier than Chionides and Magnes; and tragedy some of the Peloponnesians claim. Their evidence is the two names. Their name, they say, for suburb villages is κω̂μαι the Athenians call them «Demes» and comedians are so called not from κωμάζειν, «to revel», but because they were turned out of the towns and went strolling round the villages( κω̂μαι).
Translated by S.H. Butcher
These, then, as we said at the beginning, are the three differences which distinguish artistic imitation the medium, the objects, and the manner. So that from one point of view, Sophocles is an imitator of the same kind as Homer for both imitate higher types of character; from another point of view, of the same kind as Aristophanes for both imitate persons acting and doing. Hence, some say, the name of ‘drama’ is given to such poems, as representing action. For the same reason the Dorians claim the invention both of Tragedy and Comedy. The claim to Comedy is put forward by the Megarians not only by those of Greece proper, who allege that it originated under their democracy, but also by the Megarians of Sicily, for the poet Epicharmus, who is much earlier than Chionides and Magnes, belonged to that country. Tragedy too is claimed by certain Dorians of the Peloponnese. In each case they appeal to the evidence of language. The outlying villages, they say, are by them called komai, by the Athenians demoi: and they assume that comedians were so named not from komazein, ‘to revel,’ but because they wandered from village to village (kata komas), being excluded contemptuously from the city. They add also that the Dorian word for ‘doing’ is dran, and the Athenian, prattein.
This may suffice as to the number and nature of the various modes of imitation.
Translated by I. Bywater
III. A third difference in these arts is in the manner in which each kind of object is represented. Given both the same means and the same kind of object for imitation, one may either (1) speak at one moment in narrative and at another in an assumed character, as Homer does; or (2) one may remain the same throughout, without any such change; or (3) the imitators may represent the whole story dramatically, as though they were actually doing the things described.
As we said at the beginning, therefore, the differences in the imitation of these arts come under three heads, their means, their objects, and their manner.
So that as an imitator Sophocles will be on one side akin to Homer, both portraying good men; and on another to Aristophanes, since both present their personages as acting and doing. This in fact, according to some, is the reason for plays being termed dramas, because in a play the personages act the story. Hence too both Tragedy and Comedy are claimed by the Dorians as their discoveries; Comedy by the Megarians by those in Greece as having arisen when Megara became a democracy, and by the Sicilian Megarians on the ground that the poet Epicharmus was of their country, and a good deal earlier than Chionides and Magnes; even Tragedy also is claimed by certain of the Peloponnesian Dorians. In support of this claim they point to the words comedy and drama. Their word for the outlying hamlets, they say, is comae, whereas Athenians call them demes thus assuming that comedians got the name not from their comoe or revels, but from their strolling from hamlet to hamlet, lack of appreciation keeping them out of the city. Their word also for to act, they say, is dran, whereas Athenians use prattein.
So much, then, as to the number and nature of the points of difference in the imitation of these arts.
Traduction Ch. Emile Ruelle
I. La troisième différence consiste dans la manière dimiter chacun de ces êtres. En effet, il est possible dimiter le même objet, dans les mêmes circonstances, tantôt sous forme de récit et en produisant quelque autre personnage, comme le fait Homère, ou bien le personnage restant le même, sans quon le fasse changer, ou encore de telle façon que les sujets dimitation soient présentés agissant et accomplissant tout par
II. De là le nom de drames (dr‹mata), donné à leurs oeuvres, parce quils imitent en agissant (drÇntew). De là vient aussi que les Doriens revendiquent la tragédie et la comédie, les Mégariens, la comédie, ceux de ce pays alléguant que
III. La comédie est revendiquée aussi par ceux du Péloponnèse, qui se fondent sur un indice fourni par les noms; car ils allèguent que chez eux village se dit kÅma, et chez les Athéniens dème; de sorte que les comédiens sont appelés ainsi non pas du mot kvm‹zein (railler), mais de ce que, repoussés avec mépris hors de la ville, ils errent dans les villages. Ils ajoutent que agir se dit chez eux drn, et chez les Athéniens pr‹ttein.
IV. Voilà pour le nombre et la nature des différences que comporte limitation.